Post By: Hanan Mannan
Contact Number: Pak (+92)-321-59-95-634
-------------------------------------------------------

Android Fragments

A Fragment is a piece of an application's user interface or behavior that can be placed in an Activity which enable more modular activity design. It will not be wrong if we say, a fragment is a kind of sub-acitivity. Following are important points about fragment:

• A fragment has its own layout and its own behavior with its own lifecycle callbacks.
• You can add or remove fragments in an activity while the activity is running.
• You can combine multiple fragments in a single activity to build a multi-pane UI.
• A fragment can be used in multiple activities.
• Fragment life cycle is closely related to the lifecycle of its host activity which means when the activity is paused, all the fragments available in the acivity will also be stopped.
• A fragment can implement a behavior that has no user interface component.
• Fragments were added to the Android API in Honeycomb version of Android which API version 11.

You create fragments by extending Fragment class and You can insert a fragment into your activity layout by declaring the fragment in the activity's layout file, as a <fragment> element.

Prior to fragment introduction, we had a limitation because we can show only a single activity on the screen at one given point in time. So we were not able to divide device screen and control different parts separately. But with the introduction of fragment we got more flexibility and removed the limitation of having a single activity on the screen at a time. Now we can have a single acitivity but each acitivity can comprise of multiple fragments which will have their own layout, events and complete lifecycle.

Following is a typical example of how two UI modules defined by fragments can be combined into one activity for a tablet design, but separated for a handset design.

The application can embed two fragments in Activity A, when running on a tablet-sized device. However, on a handset-sized screen, there's not enough room for both fragments, so Activity A includes only the fragment for the list of articles, and when the user selects an article, it starts Activity B, which includes the second fragment to read the article.

Fragment Life Cycle

Android fragments have their own life cycle very similar to an android activity. This section briefs different stages of its life cycle.

Phase I: When a fragment gets created, it goes through the following states: onAttach() onCreate() onCreateView() onActivityCreated() Phase II: When the fragment becomes visible, it goes through these states: onStart() onResume() Phase III: When the fragment goes into the background mode, it goes through these states: onPaused() onStop() Phase IV: When the fragment is destroyed, it goes through the following states: onPaused() onStop() onDestroyView() onDestroy() onDetach()

How to use Fragments?

This involves number of simple steps to create Fragments.

• First of all decide how many fragments you want to use in an activity. Fors example let's we want to use two fragments to handle landscape and portrait modes of the device.
• Next based on number of fragments, create classes which will extend the Fragment class. The Fragment class has above mentioned callback functions. You can override any of the functions based on your requirements.
• Corresponding to each fragment, you will need to create layout files in XML file. These files will have layout for the defined fragments.
• Finally modify activity file to define the actual logic of replacing fragments based on your requirement.

Here is the list of important methods which you can to override in your fragment class:

• onCreate() The system calls this when creating the fragment. You should initialize essential components of the fragment that you want to retain when the fragment is paused or stopped, then resumed.
• onCreateView() The system calls this callback when it's time for the fragment to draw its user interface for the first time. To draw a UI for your fragment, you must return a View component from this method that is the root of your fragment's layout. You can return null if the fragment does not provide a UI.
• onPause() The system calls this method as the first indication that the user is leaving the fragment. This is usually where you should commit any changes that should be persisted beyond the current user session.

Example

This example will explain you how to create your own Fragments. Here we will create two fragments and one of them will be used when device is in landscape mode and another fragment will be used in case of portrait mode. So let's follow the following steps to similar to what we followed while creatingHello World Example:

Step	Description
1	You will use Eclipse IDE to create an Android application and name it as MyFragments under a package com.example.myfragments, with blank Activity.
2	Modify main activity file MainActivity.java as shown below in the code. Here we will check orientation of the device and accordingly we will switch between different fragments.
3	Create a two java files PM_Fragment.java and LM_Fragement.java under the packagecom.example.myfragments to define your fragments and associated methods.
4	Create layouts files res/layout/lm_fragment.xml and res/layout/pm_fragment.xml and define your layouts for both the fragments.<
5	Modify the detault content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include both the fragments.
6	Define required constants in res/values/strings.xml file
7	Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the aplication.

Following is the content of the modified main activity filesrc/com.example.mycontentprovider/MainActivity.java:

package com.example.myfragments;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.FragmentManager;
import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
import android.content.res.Configuration;
import android.view.WindowManager;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

   @Override
   protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

      Configuration config = getResources().getConfiguration();

      FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
      FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = 
      fragmentManager.beginTransaction();

      /**
      * Check the device orientation and act accordingly
      */
      if (config.orientation == Configuration.ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE) {
         /**
         * Landscape mode of the device
         */
         LM_Fragment ls_fragment = new LM_Fragment();
         fragmentTransaction.replace(android.R.id.content, ls_fragment);
      }else{
         /**
         * Portrait mode of the device
         */
         PM_Fragment pm_fragment = new PM_Fragment();
         fragmentTransaction.replace(android.R.id.content, pm_fragment);
      }
      fragmentTransaction.commit();
   }
    
}

Create two fragment files LM_Fragement.java and PM_Fragment.java undercom.example.mycontentprovider package.

Following is the content of LM_Fragement.java file:

package com.example.myfragments;

import android.app.Fragment;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;


public class LM_Fragment extends Fragment{
   @Override
   public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
      ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      /**
       * Inflate the layout for this fragment
       */
      return inflater.inflate(
      R.layout.lm_fragment, container, false);
   }
}

Following is the content of PM_Fragement.java file:

package com.example.myfragments;

import android.app.Fragment;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;


public class PM_Fragment extends Fragment{
   @Override
   public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater,
      ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      /**
       * Inflate the layout for this fragment
       */
      return inflater.inflate(
      R.layout.pm_fragment, container, false);
   }
}

Create two layout files lm_fragement.xml and pm_fragment.xml under res/layout directory.

Following is the content of lm_fragement.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
   <LinearLayout
   xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
   android:orientation="vertical"
   android:layout_width="fill_parent"
   android:layout_height="fill_parent"
   android:background="#7bae16">
   
   <TextView
   android:layout_width="fill_parent"
   android:layout_height="wrap_content"
   android:text="@string/landscape_message"
   android:textColor="#000000"
   android:textSize="20px" />

<!-- More GUI components go here  -->

</LinearLayout>

Following is the content of pm_fragment.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
   <LinearLayout
   xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
   android:orientation="horizontal"
   android:layout_width="fill_parent"
   android:layout_height="fill_parent"
   android:background="#666666">
   
   <TextView
   android:layout_width="fill_parent"
   android:layout_height="wrap_content"
   android:text="@string/portrait_message"
   android:textColor="#000000"
   android:textSize="20px" />

<!-- More GUI components go here  -->

</LinearLayout>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file which includes your fragments:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal">

   <fragment
   android:name="com.example.fragments"
   android:id="@+id/lm_fragment"
   android:layout_weight="1"
   android:layout_width="0dp"
   android:layout_height="match_parent" />
   
   <fragment
   android:name="com.example.fragments"
   android:id="@+id/pm_fragment"
   android:layout_weight="2"
   android:layout_width="0dp"
   android:layout_height="match_parent" />

</LinearLayout>

Make sure you have following content of res/values/strings.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>

    <string name="app_name">MyFragments</string>
    <string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
    <string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>
    <string name="landscape_message">This is Landscape mode fragment
    </string>
    <string name="portrait_message">This is Portrait mode fragment
    </string>

</resources>

Let's try to run our modified MyFragments application we just created. I assume you had created yourAVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Eclipse, open one of your project's activity files and click Run  icon from the toolbar. Eclipse installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your setup and application, it will display Emulator window where you will click on Menu button to see the following window. Be patience because it may take sometime based on your computer speed:

To change the mode of the emulator screen, let's do the following:

• fn+control+F11 on Mac to change the landscape to portrait and vice versa.
• ctrl+F11 on Windows.
• ctrl+F11 on Linux.

Once you changed the mode, you will be able to see the GUI which you have implemented for landscape mode as below:

This way you can use same activity but different GUIs through different fragments. You can use different type of GUI components for different GUIs based on your requirements.

Posted By MIrza Abdul Hannan11:16:00 am

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Android Content Providers

Post By: Hanan Mannan
Contact Number: Pak (+92)-321-59-95-634
-------------------------------------------------------

Android Content Providers

A content provider component supplies data from one application to others on request. Such requests are handled by the methods of the ContentResolver class. A content provider can use different ways to store its data and the data can be stored in a database, in files, or even over a network.

Each Android applications runs in its own process with its own permissions which keeps an application data hidden from another application. But sometimes it is required to share data across applications. This is where content providers become very useful.

Content providers let you centralize content in one place and have many different applications access it as needed. A content provider behaves very much like a database where you can query it, edit its content, as well as add or delete content usingg insert(), update(), delete(), and query() methods. In most cases this data is stored in an SQlite database.

A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions.

public class MyContentProvider extends  ContentProvider {

}

Content URIs

To query a content provider, you specify the query string in the form of a URI which has following format:

<prefix>://<authority>/<data_type>/<id>

Here is the detaial of various parts of the URI:

Part	Description
prefix	This is always set to content://
authority	This specifies the name of the content provider, for example contacts, browser etc. For third-party content providers, this could be the fully qualified name, such ascom.tutorialspoint.statusprovider
data_type	This indicates the type of data that this particular provider provides. For example, if you are getting all the contacts from the Contacts content provider, then the data path would be people and URI would look like this content://contacts/people
id	This specifies the specific record requested. For example, if you are looking for contact number 5 in the Contacts content provider then URI would look like thiscontent://contacts/people/5.

Create Content Provider

This involves number of simple steps to create your own content provider.

• First of all you need to create a Content Provider class that extends the ContentProviderbaseclass.
• Second, you need to define your content provider URI address which will be used to access the content.
• Next you will need to create your own database to keep the content. Usually, Android uses SQLite database and framework needs to override onCreate() method which will use SQLite Open Helper method to create or open the provider's databse. When your application is launched, theonCreate() handler of each of its Content Providers is called on the main application thread.
• Next you will have to implement Content Provider queries to perform different database specific operations.
• Finally register your Content Provider in your acitivity file using <provider> tag.

Here is the list of methods which you need to override in Content Provider class to have your Content Provider working:

• onCreate() This method is called when the provider is started.
• query() This method receives a request from a client. The result is returned as a Cursor object.
• insert()This method inserts a new record into the content provider.
• delete() This method deletes an existing record from the content provider.
• update() This method updates an existing record from the content provider.
• getType() This method returns the MIME type of the data at the given URI.

Example

This example will explain you how to create your own ContentProvider. So let's follow the following steps to similar to what we followed while creating Hello World Example:

Step	Description
1	You will use Eclipse IDE to create an Android application and name it as MyContentProviderunder a package com.example.mycontentprovider, with blank Activity.
2	Modify main activity file MainActivity.java to add two new methods onClickAddName() andonClickRetrieveStudents().
3	Create a new java file called StudentsProvider.java under the packagecom.example.mycontentprovider to define your actual provider and associated methods.
4	Register your content provider in your AndroidManifest.xml file using <provider.../> tag
5	Modify the detault content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include a small GUI to add sudents records.
6	Define required constants in res/values/strings.xml file
7	Run the application to launch Android emulator and verify the result of the changes done in the aplication.

Following is the content of the modified main activity filesrc/com.example.mycontentprovider/MainActivity.java. This file can include each of the fundamental lifecycle methods. We have added two new methods onClickAddName() andonClickRetrieveStudents() to handle user interaction with the application.

package com.example.mycontentprovider;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.CursorLoader;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

   @Override
   protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
      setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
   }

   @Override
   public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
      getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
      return true;
   }

   public void onClickAddName(View view) {
      // Add a new student record
      ContentValues values = new ContentValues();

      values.put(StudentsProvider.NAME, 
      ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName)).getText().toString());
      
      values.put(StudentsProvider.GRADE, 
      ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtGrade)).getText().toString());

      Uri uri = getContentResolver().insert(
      StudentsProvider.CONTENT_URI, values);
      
      Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(), 
      uri.toString(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
   }

   public void onClickRetrieveStudents(View view) {
      // Retrieve student records
      String URL = "content://com.example.provider.College/students";
      Uri students = Uri.parse(URL);
      Cursor c = managedQuery(students, null, null, null, "name");
      if (c.moveToFirst()) {
         do{
            Toast.makeText(this, 
            c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(StudentsProvider._ID)) + 
            ", " +  c.getString(c.getColumnIndex( StudentsProvider.NAME)) + 
            ", " + c.getString(c.getColumnIndex( StudentsProvider.GRADE)), 
            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
         } while (c.moveToNext());
      }
   }
}

Create new file StudentsProvider.java under com.example.mycontentprovider package and following is the content of src/com.example.mycontentprovider/StudentsProvider.java:

package com.example.mycontentprovider;

import java.util.HashMap;

import android.content.ContentProvider;
import android.content.ContentUris;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.UriMatcher;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.SQLException;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteQueryBuilder;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.text.TextUtils;

public class StudentsProvider extends ContentProvider {

   static final String PROVIDER_NAME = "com.example.provider.College";
   static final String URL = "content://" + PROVIDER_NAME + "/students";
   static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse(URL);

   static final String _ID = "_id";
   static final String NAME = "name";
   static final String GRADE = "grade";

   private static HashMap<String, String> STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP;

   static final int STUDENTS = 1;
   static final int STUDENT_ID = 2;

   static final UriMatcher uriMatcher;
   static{
      uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
      uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students", STUDENTS);
      uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students/#", STUDENT_ID);
   }

   /**
    * Database specific constant declarations
    */
   private SQLiteDatabase db;
   static final String DATABASE_NAME = "College";
   static final String STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME = "students";
   static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
   static final String CREATE_DB_TABLE = 
      " CREATE TABLE " + STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME +
      " (_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " + 
      " name TEXT NOT NULL, " +
      " grade TEXT NOT NULL);";

   /**
    * Helper class that actually creates and manages 
    * the provider's underlying data repository.
    */
   private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
       DatabaseHelper(Context context){
          super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
       }

       @Override
       public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db)
       {
          db.execSQL(CREATE_DB_TABLE);
       }
       
       @Override
       public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, 
                             int newVersion) {
          db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +  STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);
          onCreate(db);
       }
   }

   @Override
   public boolean onCreate() {
      Context context = getContext();
      DatabaseHelper dbHelper = new DatabaseHelper(context);
      /**
       * Create a write able database which will trigger its 
       * creation if it doesn't already exist.
       */
      db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
      return (db == null)? false:true;
   }

   @Override
   public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
      /**
       * Add a new student record
       */
      long rowID = db.insert( STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, "", values);
      /** 
       * If record is added successfully
       */
      if (rowID > 0)
      {
         Uri _uri = ContentUris.withAppendedId(CONTENT_URI, rowID);
         getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(_uri, null);
         return _uri;
      }
      throw new SQLException("Failed to add a record into " + uri);
   }

   @Override
   public Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection, String selection, 
                       String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder) {
      
      SQLiteQueryBuilder qb = new SQLiteQueryBuilder();
      qb.setTables(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);
      
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
      case STUDENTS:
         qb.setProjectionMap(STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP);
         break;
      case STUDENT_ID:
         qb.appendWhere( _ID + "=" + uri.getPathSegments().get(1));
         break;
      default:
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri);
      }
      if (sortOrder == null || sortOrder == ""){
         /** 
          * By default sort on student names
          */
         sortOrder = NAME;
      }
      Cursor c = qb.query(db, projection, selection, selectionArgs, 
                          null, null, sortOrder);
      /** 
       * register to watch a content URI for changes
       */
      c.setNotificationUri(getContext().getContentResolver(), uri);

      return c;
   }

   @Override
   public int delete(Uri uri, String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
      int count = 0;

      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
      case STUDENTS:
         count = db.delete(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, selection, selectionArgs);
         break;
      case STUDENT_ID:
         String id = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
         count = db.delete( STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, _ID +  " = " + id + 
                (!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? " AND (" + 
                selection + ')' : ""), selectionArgs);
         break;
      default: 
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri);
      }
      
      getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
      return count;
   }

   @Override
   public int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, String selection, 
                     String[] selectionArgs) {
      int count = 0;
      
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
      case STUDENTS:
         count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values, 
                 selection, selectionArgs);
         break;
      case STUDENT_ID:
         count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values, _ID + 
                 " = " + uri.getPathSegments().get(1) + 
                 (!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? " AND (" +
                 selection + ')' : ""), selectionArgs);
         break;
      default: 
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri );
      }
      getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
      return count;
   }

   @Override
   public String getType(Uri uri) {
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
      /**
       * Get all student records 
       */
      case STUDENTS:
         return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.example.students";
      /** 
       * Get a particular student
       */
      case STUDENT_ID:
         return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.example.students";
      default:
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported URI: " + uri);
      }
   }
}

Following will the modified content of AndroidManifest.xml file. Here we have added <provider.../> tag to include our content provider:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.mycontentprovider"
    android:versionCode="1"
    android:versionName="1.0" >

    <uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="8"
        android:targetSdkVersion="17" />

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
        <activity
            android:name="com.example.mycontentprovider.MainActivity"
            android:label="@string/app_name" >
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <provider android:name="StudentsProvider" 
           android:authorities="com.example.provider.College">
        </provider>
    </application>

</manifest>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file to include a button to broadcast your custom intent:

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical" >
    <TextView
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Name" />
    <EditText
    android:id="@+id/txtName"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent" />
    <TextView
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:text="Grade" />
    <EditText
    android:id="@+id/txtGrade"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent" />
    <Button
    android:text="Add Name"
    android:id="@+id/btnAdd"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:onClick="onClickAddName" />
    <Button
    android:text="Retrieve Students"
    android:id="@+id/btnRetrieve"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:onClick="onClickRetrieveStudents" />
</LinearLayout>

Make sure you have following content of res/values/strings.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>

    <string name="app_name">MyContentProvider</string>
    <string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
    <string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>

</resources>;

Let's try to run our modified MyContentProvider application we just created. I assume you had created your AVD while doing environment setup. To run the app from Eclipse, open one of your project's activity files and click Run  icon from the toolbar. Eclipse installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your setup and application, it will display following Emulator window, be patience because it may take sometime based on your computer speed:

Now let's enter student Name and Grade and finally click on Add Name button, this will add student record in the database and will flash a message at the bottom showing ContentProvider URI along with record number added in the database. This operation makes use of our insert() method. Let's repeat this process to add few more students in the database of our content provider.

Once you are done with adding records in the database, now its time to ask ContentProvider to give us those records back, so let's click Retrieve Students button which will fetch and display all the records one by one which is as per our the implementation of our query() method.

You can write activities against update and delete operations by providing callback functions inMainActivity.java file and then modify user interface to have buttons for update and deleted operations in the same way as we have done for add and read operations.

This way you can use existing Content Provider like Address Book or you can use Content Provider concept in developing nice database oriented applications where you can perform all sort of database operations like read, write, update and delete as explained above in the example.

Posted By MIrza Abdul Hannan11:13:00 am

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